Victoria L. Morgan, Ph.D.

Professor

victoria.morgan@vanderbilt.edu

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Faculty Appointments
Professor of Radiology & Radiological Sciences Professor of Biomedical EngineeringProfessor of Neurological SurgeryProfessor of Neurology
Education
Ph.D., Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeM.S., Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeB.S., Biomedical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
Office Address
1161 21st Ave South
AA1105 MCN
Nashville, TN 37232-2310
Research Description
Vicky Morgan, PhD, Professor of Radiology and Radiological Sciences and member for the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), is a biomedical engineer with expertise in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Dr. Morgan graduated from Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, and earned her masters and doctorate degrees in Biomedical Engineering from Vanderbilt University. She joined the Vanderbilt faculty in 1999, and she currently has secondary appointments in biomedical engineering, neurological surgery and neurology. Her primary interest is in clinical translational research bring new imaging methods to patient care. She is currently directing projects including using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study brain activation under various situations. Specifically, she is developing fMRI methods to localize seizure activity in patients with epilepsy. Other projects include the mapping of normal and pathological neural circuits using fMRI, adapting fMRI mapping for clinical use in presurgical evaluations, and developing software tools for use in development and evaluation of fMRI processing algorithms.

Section: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science

VUMC email: victoria.morgan@vumc.org
Research Keywords
Imaging, Neuroimaging, Functional MRI, functional connectivity in epilepsy, structural MRI connectivity in epilepsy, clinical functional cortical mapping, integration of EEG and fMRI,
Publications
Morgan VL, Rogers BP, González HFJ, Goodale SE, Englot DJ. Characterization of postsurgical functional connectivity changes in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosurg [print-electronic]. 2019 Jun 6/14/2019; 1-11. PMID: 31200384, PII: 2019.3.JNS19350, DOI: 10.3171/2019.3.JNS19350, ISSN: 1933-0693.

González HFJ, Chakravorti S, Goodale SE, Gupta K, Claassen DO, Dawant B, Morgan VL, Englot DJ. Thalamic arousal network disturbances in temporal lobe epilepsy and improvement after surgery. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry [print-electronic]. 2019 May 5/23/2019; PMID: 31123139, PII: jnnp-2019-320748, DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320748, ISSN: 1468-330X.

González HFJ, Goodale SE, Jacobs ML, Haas KF, Landman BA, Morgan VL, Englot DJ. Brainstem Functional Connectivity Disturbances in Epilepsy may Recover After Successful Surgery. Neurosurgery [print-electronic]. 2019 May 5/16/2019; PMID: 31093673, PII: 5487626, DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz128, ISSN: 1524-4040.

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Anderson AW, Landman BA, Englot DJ. Divergent network properties that predict early surgical failure versus late recurrence in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosurg [print-electronic]. 2019 Apr 4/5/2019; 1-10. PMID: 30952126, PII: 2019.1.JNS182875, DOI: 10.3171/2019.1.JNS182875, ISSN: 1933-0693.

Englot DJ, Gonzalez HFJ, Reynolds BB, Konrad PE, Jacobs ML, Gore JC, Landman BA, Morgan VL. Relating structural and functional brainstem connectivity to disease measures in epilepsy. Neurology [print-electronic]. 2018 Jul 7/3/2018; 91(1): e67-e77. PMID: 29848786, PMCID: PMC6091881, PII: WNL.0000000000005733, DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005733, ISSN: 1526-632X.

Englot DJ, Gonzalez HFJ, Reynolds BB, Konrad PE, Jacobs ML, Gore JC, Landman BA, Morgan VL. Relating structural and functional brainstem connectivity to disease measures in epilepsy. Neurology [print-electronic]. 2018 Jul 7/3/2018; 91(1): e67-e77. PMID: 29848786, PMCID: PMC6091881, PII: WNL.0000000000005733, DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005733, ISSN: 1526-632X.

Cogswell PM, Deitte LA, Donnelly EF, Morgan VL, Omary RA. Attitudes of Radiology Program Directors Toward MD-PhD Trainees, Resident Research Productivity, and Dedicated Research Time. Acad Radiol [print-electronic]. 2018 Jun; 25(6): 733-8. PMID: 29530487, PII: S1076-6332(18)30067-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.01.029, ISSN: 1878-4046.

Cogswell PM, Deitte LA, Donnelly EF, Morgan VL, Omary RA. Attitudes of Radiology Program Directors Toward MD-PhD Trainees, Resident Research Productivity, and Dedicated Research Time. Acad Radiol [print-electronic]. 2018 Mar 3/9/2018; PMID: 29530487, PII: S1076-6332(18)30067-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.01.029, ISSN: 1878-4046.

Chakravorti S, Morgan VL, Trujillo-Diaz P, Wirz R, Dawant BM. A Structural Connectivity Approach to Validate a Model-based Technique for the Segmentation of the Pulvinar Complex. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2018 Mar; 10578: PMID: 30467450, PMCID: PMC6241522, DOI: 10.1117/12.2293685, ISSN: 0277-786X.

Maziero D, Velasco TR, Salmon CEG, Morgan VL. Two-Dimensional Temporal Clustering Analysis for Patients with Epilepsy: Detecting Epilepsy-Related Information in EEG-fMRI Concordant, Discordant and Spike-Less Patients. Brain Topogr [print-electronic]. 2018 Mar; 31(2): 322-36. PMID: 29022116, PMCID: PMC5884070, PII: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, ISSN: 1573-6792.

Maziero D, Velasco TR, Salmon CEG, Morgan VL. Two-Dimensional Temporal Clustering Analysis for Patients with Epilepsy: Detecting Epilepsy-Related Information in EEG-fMRI Concordant, Discordant and Spike-Less Patients. Brain Topogr [print-electronic]. 2018 Mar; 31(2): 322-36. PMID: 29022116, PMCID: PMC5884070, PII: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0598-3, ISSN: 1573-6792.

Chakravorti S, Morgan VL, Trujillo-Diaz P, Wirz R, Dawant BM. A Structural Connectivity Approach to Validate a Model-based Technique for the Segmentation of the Pulvinar Complex. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2018 Mar; 10578: PMID: 30467450, PMCID: PMC6241522, DOI: 10.1117/12.2293685, ISSN: 0277-786X.

Morgan VL, Englot DJ, Rogers BP, Landman BA, Cakir A, Abou-Khalil BW, Anderson AW. Magnetic resonance imaging connectivity for the prediction of seizure outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia [print-electronic]. 2017 Jul; 58(7): 1251-60. PMID: 28448683, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13762, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Englot DJ, D'Haese PF, Konrad PE, Jacobs ML, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil BW, Morgan VL. Functional connectivity disturbances of the ascending reticular activating system in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr [print-electronic]. 2017 Jun 6/19/2017; PMID: 28630376, PII: jnnp-2017-315732, DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315732, ISSN: 1468-330X.

Kang H, Ombao H, Fonnesbeck C, Ding Z, Morgan VL. A Bayesian Double Fusion Model for Resting-State Brain Connectivity Using Joint Functional and Structural Data. Brain Connect [print-electronic]. 2017 May; 7(4): 219-27. PMID: 28316255, PMCID: PMC5444499, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0447, ISSN: 2158-0022.

Shi Z, Rogers BP, Chen LM, Morgan VL, Mishra A, Wilkes DM, Gore JC. Realistic models of apparent dynamic changes in resting-state connectivity in somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016 Nov; 37(11): 3897-910. PMID: 27296233, PMCID: PMC5053861, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23284, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Englot DJ, Konrad PE, Morgan VL. Regional and global connectivity disturbances in focal epilepsy, related neurocognitive sequelae, and potential mechanistic underpinnings. Epilepsia [print-electronic]. 2016 Oct; 57(10): 1546-57. PMID: 27554793, PMCID: PMC5056148, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13510, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Conrad BN, Rogers BP, Abou-Khalil B, Morgan VL. Increased MRI volumetric correlation contralateral to seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2016 Oct; 126: 53-61. PMID: 27429056, PMCID: PMC5010967, PII: S0920-1211(16)30102-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.07.001, ISSN: 1872-6844.

Banks SD, Coronado RA, Clemons LR, Abraham CM, Pruthi S, Conrad BN, Morgan VL, Guillamondegui OD, Archer KR. Thalamic Functional Connectivity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Longitudinal Associations With Patient-Reported Outcomes and Neuropsychological Tests. Arch Phys Med Rehabil [print-electronic]. 2016 Aug; 97(8): 1254-61. PMID: 27085849, PMCID: PMC4990202, PII: S0003-9993(16)30049-1, DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.013, ISSN: 1532-821X.

Ding Z, Xu R, Bailey SK, Wu TL, Morgan VL, Cutting LE, Anderson AW, Gore JC. Visualizing functional pathways in the human brain using correlation tensors and magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2016 Jan; 34(1): 8-17. PMID: 26477562, PMCID: PMC4714593, PII: S0730-725X(15)00225-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.10.003, ISSN: 1873-5894.

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Abou-Khalil B. Segmentation of the thalamus based on BOLD frequencies affected in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia [print-electronic]. 2015 Nov; 56(11): 1819-27. PMID: 26360535, PMCID: PMC4626388, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13186, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Desai AA, Strother MK, Faraco CC, Morgan VL, Ladner TR, Dethrage LM, Jordan LC, Donahue MJ. The Contribution of Common Surgically Implanted Hardware to Functional MR Imaging Artifacts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol [print-electronic]. 2015 Nov; 36(11): 2068-73. PMID: 26272973, PMCID: PMC4644697, PII: ajnr.A4419, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4419, ISSN: 1936-959X.

Militana AR, Donahue MJ, Sills AK, Solomon GS, Gregory AJ, Strother MK, Morgan VL. Alterations in default-mode network connectivity may be influenced by cerebrovascular changes within 1 week of sports related concussion in college varsity athletes: a pilot study. Brain Imaging Behav [print-electronic]. 2015 May 5/15/2015; PMID: 25972119, PMCID: PMC4644725, DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9407-3, ISSN: 1931-7565.

Morgan VL, Conrad BN, Abou-Khalil B, Rogers BP, Kang H. Increasing structural atrophy and functional isolation of the temporal lobe with duration of disease in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2015 Feb; 110: 171-8. PMID: 25616470, PMCID: PMC4306813, PII: S0920-1211(14)00365-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.12.006, ISSN: 1872-6844.

Morgan VL, Abou-Khalil B, Rogers BP. Evolution of functional connectivity of brain networks and their dynamic interaction in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Connect [print-electronic]. 2015 Feb; 5(1): 35-44. PMID: 24901036, PMCID: PMC4313394, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0251, ISSN: 2158-0022.

Holmes M, Folley BS, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Kang H, Abou-Khalil B, Morgan VL. Resting state functional connectivity of the hippocampus associated with neurocognitive function in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp [print-electronic]. 2014 Mar; 35(3): 735-44. PMID: 23124719, PMCID: PMC3915042, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22210, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Ding Z, Newton AT, Xu R, Anderson AW, Morgan VL, Gore JC. Spatio-temporal correlation tensors reveal functional structure in human brain. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(12): e82107. PMID: 24339997, PMCID: PMC3855380, PII: PONE-D-13-34417, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082107, ISSN: 1932-6203.

Holmes MJ, Yang X, Landman BA, Ding Z, Kang H, Abou-Khalil B, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Morgan VL. Functional networks in temporal-lobe epilepsy: a voxel-wise study of resting-state functional connectivity and gray-matter concentration. Brain Connect [print-electronic]. 2013; 3(1): 22-30. PMID: 23150897, PMCID: PMC3621340, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2012.0103, ISSN: 2158-0022.

Morgan VL, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity of hippocampal networks. Epilepsia [print-electronic]. 2012 Sep; 53(9): 1628-35. PMID: 22779926, PMCID: PMC3436984, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03590.x, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Yang X, Holmes MJ, Newton AT, Morgan VL, Landman BA. A Comparison of Distributional Considerations with Statistical Analysis of Resting State fMRI at 3T and 7T. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2012 Feb 2/23/2012; 8314: PMID: 23024573, PMCID: PMC3460373, DOI: 10.1117/12.911307, ISSN: 0277-786X.

Newton AT, Rogers BP, Gore JC, Morgan VL. Improving measurement of functional connectivity through decreasing partial volume effects at 7 T. Neuroimage [print-electronic]. 2012 Feb 2/1/2012; 59(3): 2511-7. PMID: 21925611, PMCID: PMC3254819, PII: S1053-8119(11)01029-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.096, ISSN: 1095-9572.

Chen L, Mishra A, Newton AT, Morgan VL, Stringer EA, Rogers BP, Gore JC. Fine-scale functional connectivity in somatosensory cortex revealed by high-resolution fMRI. Magn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2011 Dec; 29(10): 1330-7. PMID: 21982165, PMCID: PMC3285506, PII: S0730-725X(11)00280-3, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.08.001, ISSN: 1873-5894.

Newton AT, Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Gore JC. Modulation of steady state functional connectivity in the default mode and working memory networks by cognitive load. Hum Brain Mapp [print-electronic]. 2011 Oct; 32(10): 1649-59. PMID: 21077136, PMCID: PMC3116941, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21138, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Morgan VL, Rogers BP, Sonmezturk HH, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Cross hippocampal influence in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy measured with high temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsia [print-electronic]. 2011 Sep; 52(9): 1741-9. PMID: 21801166, PMCID: PMC4428312, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03196.x, ISSN: 1528-1167.

Sonmezturk HH, Morgan V, Abou-Khalil B. Focal seizure propagation illustrated by fMRI. Epileptic Disord. 2011 Mar; 13(1): 92-5. PMID: 21393093, PMCID: PMC3409564, DOI: 10.1684/epd.2011.0405, ISSN: 1294-9361.

Rogers BP, Katwal SB, Morgan VL, Asplund CL, Gore JC. Functional MRI and multivariate autoregressive models. Magn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2010 Oct; 28(8): 1058-65. PMID: 20444566, PMCID: PMC2940955, PII: S0730-725X(10)00065-2, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.03.002, ISSN: 1873-5894.

Morgan VL, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Functional epileptic network in left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy detected using resting fMRI. Epilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2010 Feb; 88(2-3): 168-78. PMID: 19945255, PMCID: PMC2823966, PII: S0920-1211(09)00324-6, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.10.018, ISSN: 1872-6844.

Morgan VL, Gore JC. Detection of irregular, transient fMRI activity in normal controls using 2dTCA: comparison to event-related analysis using known timing. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Oct; 30(10): 3393-405. PMID: 19294642, PMCID: PMC2748174, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20760, ISSN: 1097-0193.

Morgan VL, Mishra A, Newton AT, Gore JC, Ding Z. Integrating functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging for analysis of structure-function relationship in the human language network. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(8): e6660. PMID: 19684850, PMCID: PMC2721978, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006660, ISSN: 1932-6203.

Morgan VL, Gore JC, Szaflarski JP. Temporal clustering analysis: what does it tell us about the resting state of the brain?. Med. Sci. Monit. 2008 Jul; 14(7): CR345-52. PMID: 18591915, PMCID: PMC2553434, PII: 863662, ISSN: 1643-3750.

Morgan VL, Li Y, Abou-Khalil B, Gore JC. Development of 2dTCA for the detection of irregular, transient BOLD activity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008 Jan; 29(1): 57-69. PMID: 17290367, PMCID: PMC2719759, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20362, ISSN: 1065-9471.

Xu N, Fitzpatrick JM, Li Y, Dawant BM, Pickens DR, Morgan VL. Computer-generated fMRI phantoms with motion-distortion interaction. Magn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2007 Dec; 25(10): 1376-84. PMID: 17583462, PMCID: PMC4424598, PII: S0730-725X(07)00268-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.032, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Rogers BP, Morgan VL, Newton AT, Gore JC. Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI. Magn Reson Imaging [print-electronic]. 2007 Dec; 25(10): 1347-57. PMID: 17499467, PMCID: PMC2169499, PII: S0730-725X(07)00223-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.007, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Li Y, Xu N, Fitzpatrick JM, Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Dawant BM. Accounting for signal loss due to dephasing in the correction of distortions in gradient-echo EPI via nonrigid registration. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2007 Dec; 26(12): 1698-707. PMID: 18092739, ISSN: 0278-0062.

Morgan VL, Dawant BM, Li Y, Pickens DR. Comparison of fMRI statistical software packages and strategies for analysis of images containing random and stimulus-correlated motion. Comput Med Imaging Graph [print-electronic]. 2007 Sep; 31(6): 436-46. PMID: 17574816, PMCID: PMC2570159, PII: S0895-6111(07)00072-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2007.04.002, ISSN: 0895-6111.

Morgan VL, Gore JC, Abou-Khalil B. Cluster analysis detection of functional MRI activity in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res [print-electronic]. 2007 Aug; 76(1): 22-33. PMID: 17646086, PMCID: PMC2003336, PII: S0920-1211(07)00181-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.06.008, ISSN: 0920-1211.

Newton AT, Morgan VL, Gore JC. Task demand modulation of steady-state functional connectivity to primary motor cortex. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007 Jul; 28(7): 663-72. PMID: 17080441, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20294, ISSN: 1065-9471.

Pickens DR, Li Y, Morgan VL, Dawant BM. Development of computer-generated phantoms for FMRI software evaluation. Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Jun; 23(5): 653-63. PMID: 16051040, PII: S0730-725X(05)00188-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2005.04.007, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Morgan V, Pickens D, Gautam S, Kessler R, Mertz H. Amitriptyline reduces rectal pain related activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2005 May; 54(5): 601-7. PMID: 15831901, PMCID: PMC1774484, PII: 54/5/601, DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.047423, ISSN: 0017-5749.

Morgan VL, Price RR. The effect of sensorimotor activation on functional connectivity mapping with MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Oct; 22(8): 1069-75. PMID: 15527993, PII: S0730-725X(04)00241-3, DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.07.002, ISSN: 0730-725X.

Morgan VL, Price RR, Arain A, Modur P, Abou-Khalil B. Resting functional MRI with temporal clustering analysis for localization of epileptic activity without EEG. Neuroimage. 2004 Jan; 21(1): 473-81. PMID: 14741685, PII: S105381190300541X, ISSN: 1053-8119.

Parks MH, Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Price RR, Dietrich MS, Nickel MK, Martin PR. Brain fMRI activation associated with self-paced finger tapping in chronic alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2003 Apr; 27(4): 704-11. PMID: 12711934, DOI: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000062759.14944.CF, ISSN: 0145-6008.

Sachdev RNS, Champney GC, Lee H, Price RR, Pickens III DR, Morgan VL, Stefansic JD, Melzer P, Ebner FF. Experimental model for functional magnetic resonance imaging of somatic sensory cortex in the unanesthetized rat. NeuroImage. 2003; 3((19)): 704-11.

Melzer P, Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Price RR, Wall RS, Ebner FF. Cortical activation during Braille reading is influenced by early visual experience in subjects with severe visual disability: a correlational fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 Nov; 14(3): 186-95. PMID: 11559962, PII: 10.1002/hbm.1051, ISSN: 1065-9471.

Morgan VL, Pickens DR, Hartmann SL, Price RR. Comparison of functional MRI image realignment tools using a computer-generated phantom. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Sep; 46(3): 510-4. PMID: 11550243, PII: 10.1002/mrm.1221, ISSN: 0740-3194.

Grossman E, Donnelly M, Price R, Pickens D, Morgan V, Neighbor G, Blake R. Brain areas involved in perception of biological motion. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000 Sep; 12(5): 711-20. PMID: 11054914, ISSN: 0898-929X.

Mertz H, Morgan V, Tanner G, Pickens D, Price R, Shyr Y, Kessler R. Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distention. Gastroenterology. 2000 May; 118(5): 842-8. PMID: 10784583, PII: S0016508500339932, ISSN: 0016-5085.

Lorenz CH, Walker ES, Morgan VL, Klein SS, Graham TP.. Normal human right and left ventricular mass, systolic function, and gender differences by cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 1999; 1((1)): 7-21.

Morgan VL, Graham TP, Roselli RJ, Lorenz CH. Alterations in pulmonary artery flow patterns and shear stress determined with three-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging in Fontan patients. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1998 Aug; 116(2): 294-304. PMID: 9699583, PII: S0022522398003213, ISSN: 0022-5223.

Morgan VL, Roselli RJ, Lorenz CH. Normal three-dimensional pulmonary artery flow determined by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Biomed Eng. 1998 Jul; 26(4): 557-66. PMID: 9662148, ISSN: 0090-6964.

Morgan VL, Price RR, Lorenz CH. Application of linear optimization techniques to MRI phase contrast blood flow measurements. Magn Reson Imaging. 1996; 14(9): 1043-51. PMID: 9070995, PII: S0730-725X(96)00222-6, ISSN: 0730-725X.